Which child is at risk?

Think about having your child tested for hearing loss, especially if they have any of these risk factors:

• Born early (premature birth)

• Spent more than 5 days in neonatal intensive care

• History of severe yellowing of eyes and skin (jaundice) needing a blood transfusion

• Mother or newborn infections

• Meningitis or history of brain injury that needed a hospital stay

• Family history of childhood hearing loss

• Family history of certain hereditary or congenital syndromes, such as neurofibromatosis, Down syndrome, osteopetrosis, and Usher syndrome

Even if your baby has no risk factors, you should be alert to hearing problems. You may notice the following signs of hearing loss in your baby:

• Doesn't react to loud noises

• After 6 months, doesn't turn toward sounds

• By 12 months, doesn't say single words

• Doesn't turn head when called by name

In your young child, you may notice delayed speech development or unclear speech.

Repeated ear infections, which are common in young children, can also delay language development. A newborn can pass a hearing test and still have hearing problems later in childhood. So even if your baby had normal hearing exams, be alert for the above symptoms. If you notice them, contact your child's healthcare provider right away.

Hearing tests in babies

Your baby is likely to have 1 of these painless, quick, and sensitive tests:

• Auditory brainstem responses. Sound is introduced to the baby's ears through tiny earphones while the baby is sleeping. Using sensors attached to the baby's head, the test records electrical activity made by the auditory nerve and brainstem when it's stimulated by this sound.

• Otoacoustic emissions. The normal ear makes faint acoustic signals. These are sometimes called inner-ear echoes. People can't hear their own sounds from their inner ear. But tiny, sensitive microphones placed in the ear canal during the screening can measure the echo responses. Babies who do not have an echo response may have hearing loss.

Hearing tests in children

Your child's healthcare provider may check your child's hearing with a simple device called a tuning fork. Or your child may have tests from a hearing specialist (audiologist). Tests include the 2 discussed above and:

• Pure tone audiometry. This test checks hearing at different decibels or sound levels.

• Tympanometry. This test is often used to check hearing in children with ear infections.

Other hearing evaluation tests may include :

• Speech audiometry. This test checks the spoken word.

• Behavioral testing. This is done for children who can't be tested with other methods.