What is Alzheimer disease?

Alzheimer disease is a disease that affects the brain and nervous system. It happens when nerve cells in the brain die. The disease gets worse over time. It is a type of dementia.

Alzheimer disease often causes:

• Problems with memory, thinking, and behavior

• Confusion

• Restlessness

• Personality changes

• Problems with judgment

• Problems with making sense when talking

• Problems with following directions

• Problems with eyesight

• Problems with knowing how objects around you relate to you (spatial awareness)

• Lack of interest or concern about other people

The disease does not affect a person’s movement. They can still get around normally until later stages of the disease.

What causes Alzheimer disease?

Healthcare providers don't know what causes Alzheimer disease. They think it might be caused by one or more of these:

• Age and family history

• Certain genes

• Abnormal protein deposits in the brain

• Environmental factors

• Immune system problems

What are the symptoms of Alzheimer disease?

The following are the most common symptoms of Alzheimer disease. But not everyone has all of these symptoms. Symptoms may include:

• Memory loss that affects job skills, especially short-term memory loss

• Trouble doing familiar tasks

• Problems with language

• Confusion about time and place

• Poor judgment

• Problems with abstract thinking

• Misplacing things

• Changes in mood or behavior

• Changes in personality

• Loss of desire to do things

• Loss of the ability to know who people are. This even includes people whom the person knows well, such as a child or spouse.

Many of these symptoms may be caused by other health problems. Always see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

How is Alzheimer disease diagnosed?

No single test can diagnose Alzheimer disease. A healthcare provider will first rule out other conditions. But the only way to confirm a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease is to examine the brain after death. An autopsy can show changes in the brain that mark the disease.

It’s important to find out if the dementia is caused by an illness that can be treated. A healthcare provider will do thorough exams of the person’s nervous system. The provider may also do:

• Complete health history. This may include questions about overall health and past health problems. The provider will see how well the person can do daily tasks. The provider may ask family members about any changes in behavior or personality.

• Mental status test. This may include tests of memory, problem-solving, attention, counting, and language. Neuropsychological testing may also be done. This will likely be a series of tests that evaluate your brain function. It often involves answering questions and doing certain tasks.

• Other lab tests. These may include blood and urine tests to find possible causes of the problem.

• Brain imaging tests. CT, MRI, or position emission tomography may be used to rule out other causes of the problem.

• Spinal tap or lumbar puncture to test spinal fluid

How is Alzheimer disease treated?

Medicines are often used to help people maintain mental function and carry out daily activities. They include:

• Donepezil

• Rivastigmine

• Galantamine

• Memantine

• Lecanemab-irmb

At this time, Alzheimer disease has no cure. There is no way of slowing down the progression of this disease. And no treatment is available to reverse the changes that the disease brings on. But new research findings give reason for hope. Several medicines are being studied in clinical trials to see if they can slow the progress of the disease or improve memory for a period of time.

Some medicines are available to help manage some of the most troubling symptoms of Alzheimer disease. These symptoms include:

• Depression

• Behavior problems

• Sleep problems

Exercise and social activities are important to help manage the disease. So are good nutrition, a healthy lifestyle, and a calm and well-structured environment.

Can Alzheimer disease be prevented?

Because healthcare providers don’t know what causes the disease, there is no way to prevent it. But some risk factors for dementia can be modified with lifestyle changes. Taking good care of yourself by controlling your blood pressure and glucose can reduce the risk for dementia. Head injury increases the risk of developing dementia, so it is important to wear a helmet when taking part in dangerous activities. Also wear a seat belt and take other measures to prevent brain injury.

What are possible complications of Alzheimer disease?

Alzheimer disease is a progressive disease. This means that memory problems and problems with doing daily tasks slowly get worse. Each person is affected differently, but people with Alzheimer disease have mood and behavior problems that make it hard for family members to care for them. As a person is less able to care for themself, families or others must help with personal care, meals, and daily activities. People with advanced Alzheimer disease will most likely need to stay in a place that specializes in care of people with memory disorders.

As difficult as it may be, advanced legal and financial planning is important for both the affected person and the family. If done soon enough, the person may be able to participate in decisions.

Living with Alzheimer disease

Care programs for people with Alzheimer disease differ depending on the symptoms a person has and how far along the disease is. These programs can help a person and their family manage the disease.

Any skills lost will not be regained, but these tips can help people and families living with Alzheimer disease:

• Plan a balanced program of exercise, social activity, good nutrition, and other healthy lifestyle activities.

• Plan daily activities that help to give structure, meaning, and goals for the person.

• As the person is less able to function, change activities and routines to let the person take part as much as possible.

• Keep activities familiar and satisfying.

• Let the person do as many things by themself as possible. The caregiver may need to start an activity, but allow the person to complete it as much as they can.

• Give "cues" to help the person. For example, label drawers, cabinets, and closets to let the person know what is in them.

• Keep the person out of harm's way by removing all safety risks. These might include car keys and matches.

• As a caregiver, understand your own physical and emotional limits. Take care of yourself and ask for help if you need it.

• Some caregivers find Alzheimer's support groups helpful for information, resources, and emotional support.

Key points about Alzheimer disease

• Alzheimer disease is a disease that affects the brain and nervous system. It gets worse over time.

• It affects a person’s memory, thinking, personality, emotions, and ability to care for themself.

• Alzheimer disease has no cure. Medicines may help with some of the symptoms.

• Caregivers need to be aware of their own needs and ask for help as needed.

• Over time a person with Alzheimer disease will most likely need to stay in a place that specializes in care for people with this disease.

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:

• Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.

• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.

• Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you.

• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you.

• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.

• Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.

• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.

• Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.

• If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.

• Know how you can contact your healthcare provider if you have questions, especially after office hours or on weekends.