Anal Cancer: Early Detection

The anus is the end of the large intestine below the rectum. It's where stool comes out of the body. Anal cancer starts in the cells that make up the inside lining of the inside of the anus.

Screening tests are done to check for diseases in people who don’t have symptoms. There are screening tests that can be used to check for anal cancer in people who may be at increased risk. It’s easier to treat anal cancer if it's found early, while it's small and before it has spread.

Tests to screen for anal cancer include:

• Digital rectal exam (DRE). During a DRE, your healthcare provider puts a gloved, lubricated finger into your rectum. They feel for lumps or growths. This exam isn’t only used to check for anal cancer. It's also used to check for prostate cancer in men and rectal cancer in both men and women.

• Anal cytology. If you are at high risk for anal cancer, your healthcare provider may recommend anal cytology, often called an anal Pap test. This is like the screening test women have for cervical cancer. A swab is used to remove some cells from your anus. The cells are checked under a microscope to look for cancer or signs of changes that could lead to cancer.

• Anoscopy. This test allows the healthcare provider to look at the inside of the anus and rectum. A short, hollow tube with a light on it is put into the rectum. Through it, the provider can get a close look at the lining tissues. If changes are seen, a tiny piece of the changed tissue can be taken out and checked for cancer or other changes.