What might gastrointestinal problems mean in a newborn?

A newborn's ability to eat and digest food is essential to growth and development. Most babies are able to absorb nutrients and have normal bowel movements after being fed. Gastrointestinal problems can be short-lived problems and resolve on their own. Or they can be a sign of a more serious problem. Their are some symptoms that may mean the baby is having digestive problems. Here are warning signs that should lead you to make a call or visit to your baby's healthcare provider.

Vomiting

Spitting up and dribbling milk with burps or after feedings is fairly common in newborns. This is because the sphincter muscle between the stomach and the esophagus (the tube from the mouth to stomach) is not as strong as it will eventually become as the baby matures. Increases in abdominal pressure from food, gas, or stool-filled intestines easily overcomes the sphincter and food moves the wrong way. Forceful or projectile vomiting, though, or spitting up large amounts of milk after most feedings, can be a sign of a problem. In formula-fed babies, vomiting may happen after overfeeding, or because of an intolerance to formula. Physical obstructions that prevent the normal passage of food through the digestive tract may cause vomiting. Talk with your baby's healthcare provider right away if your baby is:

• Vomiting forcefully

• Vomiting or coughing after most feedings

• Vomiting green bile or blood

• Lethargic (sluggish, fatigued, or sleeping more than normal)

• Has any other signs of distress

Reflux

Some babies may constantly spit up all or most of every feeding. Or they may gag and choke during feedings. This may be caused by reflux. Reflux happens when stomach contents back up into the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach). The esophagus can become raw and irritated by the stomach contents. When the stomach contents back up into the esophagus, they may be vomited and aspirated (breathed) into the lungs. You may also be able to hear and feel "rattling" in the baby's chest and back. These tips may help babies with reflux:

• Be sure the baby's diaper is not too tight.

• Feed the baby smaller amounts, but feed more often. Smaller meals can aid digestion and prevent stomach contents from refluxing into the esophagus.

• Feed slowly, holding your baby upright throughout the feeding.

• Burp your baby often during the feedings.

• Handle your baby gently after the feeding.

• Hold your baby in an upright position for about 30 minutes after feeding.

Talk with your baby's healthcare provider if the baby is fussier than normal or the vomiting seems worse. Also check with the healthcare provider if your baby has problems breathing during or after feedings, has choking spells, or refuses feedings.

Diarrhea

The first bowel movement of a newborn is called meconium. This is a sticky, greenish-black substance that forms in the intestines during fetal development. The baby may have several meconium bowel movements in their first several days of life before this substance is completely gone from the baby's system. After the first few days, normal bowel movements become yellow and formed in formula-fed babies. They may happen once or twice a day, sometimes more often. Breastfed babies tend to have soft, seedy, yellow-green bowel movements several times a day. Bowel movements may be as often as every few hours during the day. Babies with diarrhea have watery, very loose bowel movements that happen very often. A baby may or may not have signs of cramping with the diarrhea. Watery bowel movements and diarrhea in a newborn can quickly lead to severe dehydration. It should be treated quickly. Talk with your baby's healthcare provider right away if there is a change in your baby's bowel movements or your baby develops diarrhea. If there is blood in the stool, call your healthcare provider right away. Babies get very ill very quickly. Never hesitate to contact your child's provider.

Colic

Colic is a problem that affects some babies during the first 3 to 4 months of life. It can be very stressful and frustrating to parents. Healthcare providers have defined colic as prolonged or excessive crying in an infant who is otherwise well. The crying can be very loud and can last for several hours a day. Colic often starts by 3 weeks of age. It's at its worst around 6 weeks, and it gradually gets better by about 3 months of age. It's not clear what causes colic. Many people think that colic is caused by belly cramps or gas. But no one really knows for sure. Treatment for gas or changing formulas has not been shown to decrease crying in a colicky baby. Talk to your child’s healthcare provider if you think there is a gastrointestinal problem making your baby fussy. Some of the reasons babies may have colic are:

• Temperament and adjusting to the world. Newborns must make adjustments to the world around them. Not all babies have the same temperament. Some adjust to lights, loud noises, and all the other stimulation around them without trouble. Others are not able to adapt as easily. Just like adults, some babies are easygoing, and some are impatient. Crying may be one way for a baby to vent feelings as they are getting adjusted to the world.

• Oversensitive to gas. Some people think that gas may be to blame for colic. But there is little evidence that this is the case. In fact, treating gas has no effect on colic in babies. The normal amount of gas that is made as food is digested may be more uncomfortable for some babies than others. If a baby with colic seems to pass more gas than other babies do, it's probably due to swallowing more air while crying for prolonged periods of time. Some adjustment in the nursing mother's diet can be tried. Try to stay away from milk products, caffeine, and gas-producing foods. 

• Milk allergy. It's rare for colic to be caused by a true milk allergy. But some babies may be more sensitive to cow's milk-based formulas. Your baby's healthcare provider may recommend changing formulas to a soy-based formula to see if this helps ease the symptoms of colic.